Maya civilization thrived thousands of years ago in present-day Central America. Anthropologists and archaeologists thought Maya culture originated in the northern reaches of what is now Guatemala about 600 BCE, and migrated north to the Yucatan Peninsula beginning around 700 CE.
Throughout the film Quest for the Lost Maya, a team of anthropologists led by Dr. George Bey discovers the Maya may have been in the Yucatan as far back as 500 BCE. This new evidence indicates the Maya of the Yucatan had a very complex social structure, distinctive religious practices, and unique technological innovations that made civilization possible in the harsh jungle.
Archaeologists have long puzzled over the collapse of Mayan civilization. What led to the massive depopulation of major Mayan cities in the 900s? Scientists have considered war and political factors, but this segment of Quest for the Lost Maya suggests another explanation.
In a University of Florida lab, Dr. Mark Brenner evaluates sediment cores which have produced new data that suggests climate—specifically, severe drought—played a key role in the decline of Maya civilization. This segment of Quest for the Lost Maya outlines how scientists use snail shells and sediment layers from the bottom of a lake to create a picture of climate conditions at various periods in the ancient past.
Although climate was likely a major factor of the Mayan collapse, it's not the only one. Civilizations carefully balance a host of factors—political, environmental, military, and cultural. Troubles in one area often lead to problems in other areas.
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What do different bands of color in the core sediment samples represent?
Brown bands represent organic material, whereas white bands represent gypsum (a type of salt).
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How does the gypsum found in the core sediment samples form? What does this formation indicate?
The gypsum sediment layer formed as water evaporated. Salt in the water did not evaporate, and settled in layers at the bottom of the lake. This evaporation process indicates a period of drought.
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How did scientists determine the age of the gypsum? With what did these dates coincide?
Scientists performed radio-carbon dating to find that the gypsum layers dated from the same time period as the collapse of Mayan civilization.
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How have snail shells helped climatologists determine aspects of the ancient environment of the Stairway site?
Snail shells contain two distinct oxygen isotopes, one of which occurs much more strongly in a drought environment. Analysis of shells obtained from sediment cores at the Mayan archaeological site indicates droughts of the highest magnitude during the last 7,000 years.
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How many serious droughts were recorded in the sediment core, and how long did they last? What were their impacts?
Climatologists determined there were a series of eight droughts lasting three to twenty years. These droughts likely forced the people living at the Stairway site to evacuate the area.
Articles & Profiles
person who studies artifacts and lifestyles of ancient cultures.
person who studies the theory and application of atoms and molecules, and their relationships and interactions.
person who studies long-term patterns in weather.
(singular: datum) information collected during a scientific study.
study of tree rings and how they can identify and date weather events and changes in the atmosphere.
data that can be measured, observed, examined, and analyzed to support a conclusion.
person who studies the physical formations of the Earth.
sample of ice taken to demonstrate changes in climate over many years.
atom with an unbalanced number of neutrons in its nucleus, giving it a different atomic weight than other atoms of the same element.
tropical ecosystem filled with trees and underbrush.
people and culture native to southeastern Mexico and Central America.
path followed by birds or other animals that migrate regularly.
powdery material produced by plants, each grain of which contains a male gamete capable of fertilizing a female ovule.
base level for measuring elevations. Sea level is determined by measurements taken over a 19-year cycle.
rock or mineral formations, such as stalactites and stalagmites, created in a cave environment. Also called a cave formation.
rock formed by mineral-rich water dripping from the roof of a cave. The water drips, but the mineral remains like an icicle.
mineral deposit formed on a cave floor, usually by water dripping from above.
activity that includes a discharge of gas, ash, or lava from a volcano.
Articles & Profiles
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Climate Change
Global temperatures and sea levels are rising, and possibly contributing to larger more devastating storms. This can all be contributed to climate change. Climate change is defined as gradual changes in all the interconnected weather elements on our planet over approximately 30 years. The data shows the Earth is warming and it's up to us to make the changes necessary for a healthier planet. Use these resources in your classroom to help your students understand and take action on climate change.
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Mesoamerica
The historic region of Mesoamerica comprises the modern day countries of northern Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and central to southern Mexico. For thousands of years, this area was populated by groups such as the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec peoples. Cultural traits that define the region include the domestication of maize, beans, avocado, and vanilla, and a common architectural style. Learn more about the rich cultures and lives of these early civilizations.
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Regional Climate
The weather you encounter day to day depends on where you live. Places around the Equator experience warm weather all year round, but experience alternate periods of rainy and dry seasons. Places near lakes may experience more snow in the winter, whereas places on continental plains may be more prone to hail, thunderstorms, and tornados in the summer. The different kinds of weather you might experience in these regions are caused by moving patterns in the Earth’s atmospheric and oceanic circulation, unequal heating of the Earth, and the rotation of the Earth on its tilted axis. Learn more about regional climates with this curated resource collection.
-
Climate Change
Global temperatures and sea levels are rising, and possibly contributing to larger more devastating storms. This can all be contributed to climate change. Climate change is defined as gradual changes in all the interconnected weather elements on our planet over approximately 30 years. The data shows the Earth is warming and it's up to us to make the changes necessary for a healthier planet. Use these resources in your classroom to help your students understand and take action on climate change.
-
Mesoamerica
The historic region of Mesoamerica comprises the modern day countries of northern Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, and central to southern Mexico. For thousands of years, this area was populated by groups such as the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Toltec, and Aztec peoples. Cultural traits that define the region include the domestication of maize, beans, avocado, and vanilla, and a common architectural style. Learn more about the rich cultures and lives of these early civilizations.
-
Regional Climate
The weather you encounter day to day depends on where you live. Places around the Equator experience warm weather all year round, but experience alternate periods of rainy and dry seasons. Places near lakes may experience more snow in the winter, whereas places on continental plains may be more prone to hail, thunderstorms, and tornados in the summer. The different kinds of weather you might experience in these regions are caused by moving patterns in the Earth’s atmospheric and oceanic circulation, unequal heating of the Earth, and the rotation of the Earth on its tilted axis. Learn more about regional climates with this curated resource collection.