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The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean. Marine debris is litter that ends up in oceans, seas and bays.
The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is not the only marine trash patch, but it is the biggest. It spans waters from the West Coast of North America to Japan. The patch is actually made up of two parts: the Western Garbage Patch, located near Japan, and the Eastern Garbage Patch, located between Hawaii and California.
The entire Great Pacific Garbage Patch is bounded by the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. A gyre is a large system of swirling ocean currents. The area in the center of a gyre tends to be very calm and stable. The circular motion of the gyre draws debris into this stable center, where it becomes trapped.
A plastic water bottle discarded off the coast of California, for instance, takes the California Current, south toward Mexico. There, it may catch the North Equatorial Current, which crosses the vast Pacific. Near the coast of Japan, the bottle may travel north on the powerful Kuroshio Current. Finally, the bottle travels eastward on the North Pacific Current. The gently rolling vortexes of the Eastern and Western Garbage Patches slowly draw in the bottle.
The amount of debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch accumulates because much of it is not biodegradable. Many plastics, for instance, do not wear down. They simply break into tinier and tinier pieces.
For many people, the idea of a garbage patch summons up images of an island of trash floating on the ocean. In fact, these patches are almost entirely made up of tiny bits of plastic, called microplastics. The debris cannot always be seen by the naked eye. It can simply make the water look like a cloudy soup. Larger items, such as fishing gear and shoes, are mixed into this soup.
The seafloor beneath the Great Pacific Garbage Patch may also be an underwater trash heap. About 70 percent of marine debris eventually sinks to the bottom of the ocean.
Marine Debris Clutters Ocean
Most plastic in the ocean comes from land-based sources, but some of it comes from marine sources. A lot of plastic from boats has accumulated in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. A 2018 study found that fishing nets alone made up nearly half its mass.
While many different types of trash enter the ocean, plastics make up the majority of marine debris for two reasons. First, plastic's durability and low cost mean that it's being used in more and more consumer and industrial products. Second, plastic goods do not biodegrade but instead break down into smaller pieces.
In the ocean, the sun breaks down these plastics into tinier and tinier pieces. Most of this debris comes from plastic bags, bottle caps, plastic water bottles and Styrofoam cups.
Marine debris can be very harmful to marine life in the gyre. For instance, loggerhead sea turtles often mistake plastic bags for jellies, their favorite food. Albatrosses can mistake plastic resin pellets for fish eggs. They then feed the pellets to their chicks, which die of starvation or ruptured organs.
Seals and other marine mammals are especially at risk. They can get entangled in abandoned plastic fishing nets. Seals and other mammals often drown in these forgotten nets.
Marine debris can also disturb marine food webs in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. As microplastics and other trash collect on or near the surface of the ocean, they block sunlight from reaching plankton and algae below. If these marine plants are threatened, the entire food web may change. Animals that feed on algae and plankton, such as fish and turtles, will have less food. If their populations decrease, there will be less food for the animals that feed on them, such as tuna, sharks and whales.
These dangers are worsened by the fact that plastics both release and absorb harmful pollutants. As plastics break down, they release chemicals that have been linked to environmental and health problems. Plastics can also absorb pollutants from the seawater. These chemicals can then enter the food chain when consumed by marine life.
Cleaning Up The Patch
Because the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is so far from any country's coastline, no nation will take responsibility for cleaning it up. However, many international organizations are dedicated to preventing the patch from growing.
Cleaning up marine debris is not as easy as it sounds. Many microplastics are the same size as small sea animals, so nets designed to scoop up trash would catch these creatures as well. Even if we could design nets that would just catch garbage, the size of the oceans makes this job far too time-consuming to consider. Scientists estimate that it would take 67 ships one year to clean up less than one percent of the North Pacific Ocean.
Scientists agree there is a better way to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch: The countries of the world must limit or end their use of disposable plastics.

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a soupy collection of marine debris—mostly plastics.
Photograph by Ray Boland, NOAA. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Generic license.
abandon
Verb
to desert or leave entirely.
absorb
Verb
to soak up.
accumulate
Verb
to gather or collect.
aerial
Adjective
existing, moving, growing, or operating in the air.
algae
Plural Noun
(singular: alga) diverse group of aquatic organisms, the largest of which are seaweeds.
apex predator
Noun
species at the top of the food chain, with no predators of its own. Also called an alpha predator or top predator.
assess
Verb
to evaluate or determine the amount of.
Noun
organism that can produce its own food and nutrients from chemicals in the atmosphere, usually through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
available
Adjective
ready for use.
bankrupt
Verb
to cause a person or organization to lose their money or other funding and resources.
biodegradable
Adjective
able to decompose naturally.
bisphenol A (BPA)
Noun
chemical used to make some types of plastic that may be unsafe for people, especially infants.
bound
Verb
to limit or confine.
business
Noun
sale of goods and services, or a place where such sales take place.
cargo
Noun
goods carried by a ship, plane, or other vehicle.
catamaran
Noun
sailing vessel made of two large flotation devices and a frame above them.
climatologist
Noun
person who studies long-term patterns in weather.
compound
Verb
to combine or put together.
comprise
Verb
to contain or be made up of.
conjure
Verb
to imagine or bring to mind.
consume
Verb
to use up.
consumer
Noun
person who uses a good or service.
convergence zone
Noun
area where prevailing winds from different areas meet and interact.
debris
Noun
remains of something broken or destroyed; waste, or garbage.
decompose
Verb
to decay or break down.
decrease
Verb
to lower.
dedicate
Verb
to sincerely devote time and effort to something.
dense
Adjective
having parts or molecules that are packed closely together.
discard
Verb
to throw away.
discover
Verb
to learn or understand something for the first time.
dispose
Verb
to throw away or get rid of.
drone
Noun
unmanned aircraft that can be guided remotely.
durability
Noun
ability to resist wear and decay.
ecologist
Noun
scientist who studies the relationships between organisms and their environments.
Emerging Explorer
Noun
an adventurer, scientist, innovator, or storyteller recognized by National Geographic for their visionary work while still early in their careers.
entangle
Noun
to tangle or twist together.
environment
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conditions that surround and influence an organism or community.
estimate
Verb
to guess based on knowledge of the situation or object.
expedition
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journey with a specific purpose, such as exploration.
expensive
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very costly.
explorer
Noun
person who studies unknown areas.
extent
Noun
degree or space to which a thing extends.
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group of organisms linked in order of the food they eat, from producers to consumers, and from prey, predators, scavengers, and decomposers.
funding
Noun
money or finances.
ghost fishing
Noun
continued trapping and killing of marine life by a discarded fishing net floating at sea
Noun
area of the North Pacific Ocean where currents have trapped huge amounts of debris, mostly plastics.
harmful
Adjective
damaging.
highway
Noun
large public road.
industrial
Adjective
having to do with factories or mechanical production.
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unit made up of governments or groups in different countries, usually for a specific purpose.
leach
Verb
to separate materials by running water or another liquid through them.
litter
Noun
trash or other scattered objects left in an open area or natural habitat.
malleability
Noun
degree to which something can be shaped or molded.
manufacture
Verb
to make or produce a good, usually for sale.
marine
Adjective
having to do with the ocean.
marine mammal
Noun
an animal that lives most of its life in the ocean but breathes air and gives birth to live young, such as whales and seals.
measure
Verb
to determine the numeric value of something, often in comparison with something else, such as a determined standard value.
microplastic
Noun
piece of plastic between 0.3 and 5 millimeters in diameter.
navigate
Verb
to plan and direct the course of a journey.
oceanographer
Noun
person who studies the ocean.
offshore
Adjective
having to do with facilities or resources located underwater, usually miles from the coast.
oil rig
Noun
complex series of machinery and systems used to drill for oil on land.
organ
Noun
group of tissues that perform a specialized task.
organism
Noun
living or once-living thing.
PCB
Noun
(polychlorinated biphenal) chemical substance that can occur naturally or be manufactured that may cause cancer.
pellet
Noun
small, rounded object.
phenomenon
Noun
an unusual act or occurrence.
photodegradation
Noun
process by which a substance is broken down by exposure to light.
plastic
Noun
chemical material that can be easily shaped when heated to a high temperature.
Plastiki
Noun
(2009) sailing vessel made partly of plastic water bottles used to travel from San Francisco, California, to Sydney, Australia.
pollutant
Noun
chemical or other substance that harms a natural resource.
population
Noun
total number of people or organisms in a particular area.
predict
Verb
to know the outcome of a situation in advance.
prevent
Verb
to keep something from happening.
previous
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earlier, or the one before.
producer
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person or organization that creates (produces) goods and services.
resin
Noun
clear, sticky substance produced by some plants.
responsibility
Noun
being accountable and reliable for an action or situation.
rupture
Verb
to break or tear.
satellite imagery
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photographs of a planet taken by or from a satellite.
seafloor
Noun
surface layer of the bottom of the ocean.
seafood
Noun
fish and shellfish consumed by humans.
shipping
Noun
transportation of goods, usually by large boat.
stable
Adjective
steady and reliable.
starvation
Noun
dying from lack of food.
threaten
Verb
to scare or be a source of danger.
toxic
Adjective
poisonous.
transition
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movement from one position to another.
travel
Noun
movement from one place to another.
trawl
Verb
to fish by dragging a large net along the bottom of the body of water.
vortex
Noun
column of rotating fluid, such as air (wind) or water.
West Coast
Noun
Pacific coast of the United States, usually excluding Alaska.
Noun
movement of air (from a high pressure zone to a low pressure zone) caused by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun.
yachting
Noun
sport of racing large sailing vessels.