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Program
1. Build background.
Ask students to imagine they are producing a scientific film about an extinct animal that lived millions of years ago. Ask: How would you know what it looked like and how it behaved? Explain that scientists study fossils to learn about an animal’s size and skeletal structure, when and where it lived, and sometimes what it ate or was eaten by. Tell students that scientists study behaviors of living animals for clues to their ancient relatives, and scientists and filmmakers make models and use computers to help bring the past to life.
2. Start the demonstration.
Prepare a backpack with books and other items you will show the class. Include items students can use to hypothesize about the person who owns the bag. Show students the backpack and ask them to use scientific thinking to learn more about this backpack. As you examine the backpack and its contents, guide students through the following steps.
3. Prompt students to identify evidence.
Ask: What can you observe? Prompt students to describe the backpack and the contents inside. (size, color, style, descriptions of objects as they are shown)
4. Prompt students to make inferences.
Ask: To whom does it belong? Prompt students to make inferences about the person who owns the backpack, based on the information they have acquired. Ask: What behaviors can you infer about the owner, based on the contents and how they might be used?
5. Introduce the vocabulary.
Write evidence and inference on the board, and discuss these terms with students. Tell students that evidence is data that can be measured, observed, examined, and analyzed to support a conclusion. Ask students to share what they know about the backpack and its contents that is based on evidence. Their answers should include descriptions of the bag and its contents. Then explain to students that inference is an explanation derived by reasoning. Ask students to share information they acquired during the backpack activity that is based on inference—ideas they have that cannot be directly observed in the contents. Their answers should include descriptions of the type of person who may own the bag and how they used the objects found inside.
6. Have students make connections.
Introduce students to the work paleontologists do. Explain that paleontologists search for, uncover, and study fossil remains, which are evidence of prehistoric animals. Tell students that, as they did in the backpack activity, paleontologists make inferences about the evidence they uncover. For example, a shark’s tooth embedded in a fossilized bone may lead a paleontologist to infer that a shark bit the animal.
Subjects & Disciplines
- Biology
- Geography
Learning Objectives
Students will:
- distinguish between evidence and inference
Teaching Approach
- Learning-for-use
Teaching Methods
- Demonstrations
- Discussions
Skills Summary
This activity targets the following skills:
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Critical Thinking Skills
- Understanding
Connections to National Standards, Principles, and Practices
National Geography Standards
- Standard 17: How to apply geography to interpret the past
National Science Education Standards
- (5-8) Standard A-2: Understandings about scientific inquiry
What You’ll Need
Materials You Provide
- Backpack
- Items that might be found in a backpack
Physical Space
- Classroom
Grouping
- Large-group instruction
Other Notes
Before starting this activity, fill a backpack with books and other items that might be found in a backpack. Include items students can use to hypothesize about the person who owns the bag.
Background Information
Paleontologists and filmmakers use evidence and inference to reconstruct the past.
Prior Knowledge
- None
Recommended Prior Activities
- None
Vocabulary
data that can be measured, observed, examined, and analyzed to support a conclusion.
explanation derived by reasoning.
to watch.
Websites
Funder
This material is based in part upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DRL-1114251. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Fossil Record
The fossil record helps paleontologists, archaeologists, and geologists place important events and species in the appropriate geologic era. It is based on the Law of Superposition which states that in undisturbed rock sequences the bottom layers are older than the top layers. Therefore, some discovered fossils are able to be dated according to the strata, a distinct layer of rock, that they are found in. Another common way that fossils are dated, is through radiocarbon dating. The development of this type of dating, in the 1950s, transformed paleontology and enhanced the accuracy of the fossil record. With every new fossil discovery, our understanding of the environment in a particular time becomes richer. Use these resources to teach middle schoolers more about the fossil record and radiocarbon dating.
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Taking a Stand Against Human Impacts on Animal Migration
Student groups research, gather, and organize evidence to support an argument, using their unit project maps as a key piece of evidence. In their final presentation, groups take a stand against a human impact on animal migration and attempt to convince stakeholders to implement their recommended solutions. Student groups will evaluate each other’s presentations from the perspective of stakeholders.
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Introduce a Microbe to the World!
Students collaborate to create and present their own public service announcement (PSA) that introduces a particular microbe to their community, including an evidence-based argument regarding the value of eradicating the microbe.
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Tales of a Tail-feather
Students watch a video of Kristen Ruegg describing her research on migratory birds. After doing their own research on bird migration, students construct an argument using a claim-evidence-reasoning framework to protect migratory birds’ stopover regions.
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Fossil Record
The fossil record helps paleontologists, archaeologists, and geologists place important events and species in the appropriate geologic era. It is based on the Law of Superposition which states that in undisturbed rock sequences the bottom layers are older than the top layers. Therefore, some discovered fossils are able to be dated according to the strata, a distinct layer of rock, that they are found in. Another common way that fossils are dated, is through radiocarbon dating. The development of this type of dating, in the 1950s, transformed paleontology and enhanced the accuracy of the fossil record. With every new fossil discovery, our understanding of the environment in a particular time becomes richer. Use these resources to teach middle schoolers more about the fossil record and radiocarbon dating.
-
Taking a Stand Against Human Impacts on Animal Migration
Student groups research, gather, and organize evidence to support an argument, using their unit project maps as a key piece of evidence. In their final presentation, groups take a stand against a human impact on animal migration and attempt to convince stakeholders to implement their recommended solutions. Student groups will evaluate each other’s presentations from the perspective of stakeholders.
-
Introduce a Microbe to the World!
Students collaborate to create and present their own public service announcement (PSA) that introduces a particular microbe to their community, including an evidence-based argument regarding the value of eradicating the microbe.
-
Tales of a Tail-feather
Students watch a video of Kristen Ruegg describing her research on migratory birds. After doing their own research on bird migration, students construct an argument using a claim-evidence-reasoning framework to protect migratory birds’ stopover regions.