• Tips & Modifications

    Modification

    Have students use the Cornell Note Taking method with the reading passage. Click here to find and download a blank Cornell Note Taking worksheet.

    1. Review physical features and their importance.

    Ask students to think back to Lesson 1 of this unit, in which they created borders based on the information given on several maps. The features on those maps included religions, mountains, rivers, and languages. Ask: Which of the features on those maps were physical features? (mountains, rivers) Students may understand this distinction, or they might need some clarification about the difference between physical and cultural features. Point out that in the next three lessons of this unit, students will focus on physical features, and that cultural, or human, features will be addressed later in the unit. Ask: How would physical features be important for defining countries? Do you think country borders should line up with physical features? Why or why not? If students have difficulty answering, prompt them with questions about travel, communication, growing food, and other things that people in every region would need to do.

     

    2. Introduce key vocabulary in the reading passage.

    Use the Background and Vocabulary tab in this activity to do some vocabulary pre-work. Read aloud terms and definitions that are critical to understanding the reading passage. Ask students to use them in complete sentences and/or to provide examples of them in order to demonstrate understanding.

     

    3. Have pairs read a passage about mountains, rivers, and vegetation in Europe.

    Divide the class into pairs and give each pair a copy of the reading passage Interactions of Land and Water in Europe. Have partners read the passage, underlining or highlighting each proper name of a physical feature of Europe as they read. If students need additional support, project the worksheet and model underlining physical features in the first paragraph.

     

    4. Have small groups locate features from the reading on maps and label them.

    Combine pairs to form small groups. Distribute copies of the worksheet Analyzing Interactions of Land and Water, and the maps Natural Vegetation of Europe and Physical Map of Europe, to each small group. Have groups complete Part 1 of the worksheet by locating and labeling features from the reading passage on the maps.

     

    5. As a whole class, compare maps and answer questions about the reading.

    Distribute copies of the map Country Borders in Europe to each group. Work together as a whole class to complete Part 2 of the worksheet. Compare the map Country Borders in Europe to the Physical Map of Europe and Natural Vegetation of Europe maps. Then discuss the questions and have students write their answers. Finally, use the map transparencies to show the class how borders and physical features do or do not line up.

     

    6. Have small groups complete a writing assignment.

    Have students return to their small groups to complete Part 3 of the worksheet. Ask each group to choose one of the three scenarios and work cooperatively to write a paragraph. Ask each group to present their writing, supporting their points with maps, as needed.

    Informal Assessment

    Check for student understanding by observing discussion and presentation contributions, and by evaluating completed worksheets and writing. Students should refer to factual information in the reading and to specific geographic locations, features, and borders in their discussions and writing.

    Extending the Learning

    Have students make connections to mountains, rivers, and vegetation in your local area.

  • Subjects & Disciplines

    Learning Objectives

    Students will:

    • learn the locations of major rivers, mountain ranges, and vegetation of Europe
    • explore how these physical features line up with country borders in Europe

    Teaching Approach

    • Learning-for-use

    Teaching Methods

    • Cooperative learning
    • Discussions
    • Hands-on learning
    • Reading
    • Writing

    Skills Summary

    This activity targets the following skills:

    Connections to National Standards, Principles, and Practices

    IRA/NCTE Standards for the English Language Arts

    • Standard 1:  Students read a wide range of print and nonprint texts to build an understanding of texts, of themselves, and of the cultures of the United States and the world; to acquire new information; to respond to the needs and demands of society and the workplace; and for personal fulfillment. Among these texts are fiction and nonfiction, classic and contemporary works.
    • Standard 5:  Students employ a wide range of strategies as they write and use different writing process elements appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes.

    National Geography Standards

    • Standard 1:  How to use maps and other geographic representations, geospatial technologies, and spatial thinking to understand and communicate information
    • Standard 3:  How to analyze the spatial organization of people, places, and environments on Earth's surface
    • Standard 4:  The physical and human characteristics of places
    • Standard 7:  The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth's surface

    ISTE Standards for Students (ISTE Standards*S)

  • What You’ll Need

    Materials You Provide

    • Highlighters
    • Map transparencies
    • Pencils
    • Pens

    Required Technology

    • Internet Access: Required
    • Tech Setup: 1 computer per classroom, Projector

    Physical Space

    • Classroom

    Grouping

    • Large-group instruction
    • Small-group instruction

    Other Notes

    Before starting the activity, make transparencies of key maps. Print the following maps on transparency paper: Physical Map of Europe, Natural Vegetation of Europe, and Country Borders in Europe.

  • Background Information

    Climate is the most influential component of the physical environment at the global scale, as it dictates the supply of energy and water at Earth’s surface. Europe’s temperatures are generally milder than would be expected for its latitudinal location. Europe in general is a well-watered region, receiving adequate precipitation for humid climates; there are no deserts in Europe. Europe has a variety of major vegetation zones, including semidesert, grass steppe, shrub (wooded) steppe, tundra, boreal forest, mountain forest and Alpine meadow, Mediterranean scrubland, and Mediterranean forest, as well as mixed forest. The Alps mountain range forms part of France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia, and Albania. The Alpine peaks separate European regions and are the source of many of Europe’s major rivers, such as the Rhône, Rhine, Po, and many tributaries of the Danube.

     

    Humans have had a negative impact on the zone of mixed forest that once stretched across the continent from Great Britain and Ireland to central Europe. Approximately 80 percent of Europe’s land was once forested. But in the early 21st century, forests covered only about 30 percent of the continent. In southern Europe, Mediterranean vegetation is very distinctive. It includes evergreen trees, shrubs, and scrub, or stunted trees and shrubs. The wooded-steppe and grass-steppe vegetation zones are found primarily in southwestern Russia and Ukraine. Semidesert vegetation is found in the dry lowland near the northern and northwestern shores of the Caspian Sea.

    Prior Knowledge

    • None

    Recommended Prior Activities

    • None

    Vocabulary

    Term Part of Speech Definition Encyclopedic Entry
    agriculture Noun

    the art and science of cultivating the land for growing crops (farming) or raising livestock (ranching).

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: agriculture
    biome Noun

    area of the planet which can be classified according to the plant and animal life in it.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: biome
    border Noun

    natural or artificial line separating two pieces of land.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: border
    boreal forest Noun

    land covered by evergreen trees in cool, northern latitudes. Also called taiga.
    climate Noun

    all weather conditions for a given location over a period of time.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: climate
    coast Noun

    edge of land along the sea or other large body of water.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: coast
    continent Noun

    one of the seven main land masses on Earth.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: continent
    country Noun

    geographic territory with a distinct name, flag, population, boundaries, and government.
    crop Noun

    agricultural produce.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: crop
    desert Noun

    area of land that receives no more than 25 centimeters (10 inches) of precipitation a year.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: desert
    fjord Noun

    long, narrow ocean inlet between steep slopes.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: fjord
    forest Noun

    ecosystem filled with trees and underbrush.
    geography Noun

    study of places and the relationships between people and their environments.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: geography
    glacier Noun

    mass of ice that moves slowly over land.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: glacier
    hydroelectric power Noun

    usable energy generated by moving water converted to electricity.
    latitude Noun

    distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: latitude
    lowland Noun

    slow-flowing river ecosystem usually found in lower altitudes.
    map Noun

    symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: map
    mountain Noun

    landmass that forms as tectonic plates interact with each other.
    mountain range Noun

    series or chain of mountains that are close together.
    ocean Noun

    large body of salt water that covers most of the Earth.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: ocean
    peninsula Noun

    piece of land jutting into a body of water.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: peninsula
    physical features Noun

    naturally occurring geographic characteristics.
    plain Noun

    flat, smooth area at a low elevation.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: plain
    precipitation Noun

    all forms in which water falls to Earth from the atmosphere.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: precipitation
    region Noun

    any area on Earth with one or more common characteristics. Regions are the basic units of geography.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: region
    river Noun

    large stream of flowing fresh water.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: river
    sea level Noun

    base level for measuring elevations. Sea level is determined by measurements taken over a 19-year cycle.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: sea level
    steppe Noun

    dry, flat grassland with no trees and a cool climate.

    		 Encyclopedic Entry: steppe
    territory Noun

    land an animal, human, or government protects from intruders.
    trade Noun

    buying, selling, or exchanging of goods and services.
    tundra Noun

    cold, treeless region in Arctic and Antarctic climates.
    vegetation Noun

    all the plant life of a specific place.

    Articles & Profiles

    Maps

    Websites

Credits

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Writer

Shelley Sperry, Sperry Editorial

Editors

Kim Hulse, National Geographic Society
Kathleen Schwille, National Geographic Society
Emmy Scammahorn, National Geographic Society
Christina Riska Simmons, National Geographic Society
Emily Wade, B.A. Philosophy, B.A. English

Educator Reviewers

Brian Blouet, The College of William & Mary
Olwyn Blouet, Virginia State University
Michal LeVasseur, Ph.D., National Geographic Alliance Network Liaison
Ian Muehlenhaus, University of Minnesota
Alexander Murphy, Professor of Geography and Rippey Chair in Liberal Arts and Sciences, Department of Geography, University of Oregon
Peter Rees, University of Delaware
Joseph Stoltman, Western Michigan University
Audrey Mohan, 2007-2008 Grosvenor Scholar, National Geographic Society

Expert Reviewer

Margaret A. Legates, Coordinator, Delaware Geographic Alliance

National Geographic Program

2008 Summer Geography Institute: Beyond Borders

Other

Special thanks to the educators who participated in National Geographic's 2008-2009 National Teacher Leadership Academy (NTLA), for testing activities in their classrooms and informing the content for all of the Beyond Borders: Using Maps to Understand European Physical and Cultural Landscapes resources.

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